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Abstract
A. S. Eddington pointed out back in 1926 that stars must have a small positive charge to hold electrons. We propose a model of formation of a double charged layer on the surface of the star. Thermal energy of the star leads to emission of electrons, and strong gravity holds ions and forms a positive charge on the surface of the chromosphere. Increasing the positive charge to a certain value compensates for gravity. This positive charge is shielded by electrons from the coronal plasma, and a double charged layer is formed. The ions are accelerated by the Coulomb field and form a high-temperature corona and a fast solar wind. The star's high coronal temperature, highly charged ions, EUF, X-ray radiation, and solar wind are all caused by the double charged layer on the star's surface. The star's surface charge depends on its mass, spin, temperature, and composition.
Supplementary materials
Title
DOUBLE CHARGE ON THE SURFACE OF THE SUN AND STARS
Description
Gravitational mass-separation of electrons and ions forms a stable self-regulating positive charge on the surface of the star's chromosphere, and above the surface shielding electrons from the coronal plasma. The positive surface charge self-adjusts to the value necessary to compensate for the gravitational attraction of positively charged particles and is highly stable to changes in temperature, rotation rate, and the radius of the star.
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