Multimerizations, Aggregation, and Transfer Reactions of Small Numbers of Molecules

Chemical equilibria of multimerizations in systems with small numbers of particles exhibit behavior seemingly at odds with that observed macroscopically. In this paper we apply the recently proposed expression of equilibrium constant for binding, that include cross-correlations in reactants' concentrations, to write an equilibrium constant for the formation of clusters larger than two (e.g., trimer, tetramer, and pentamer) as series of two-body reactions. Results obtained by molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the value of this expression is constant for all concentrations and system sizes, as well as, at an onset of a phase transition to an aggregated state where densities in the system change discontinuously. In contrast, the value of the commonly utilized expression of equilibrium constant, which ignores correlations, is not constant and its variations can reach few orders of magnitude. Considering different paths for the same multimer formation, with elementary reactions of any order, yields different expressions for the equilibrium constant, yet, with exactly the same value. This is true also for routes with essentially zero probability to occur. Existence of different expressions for the same equilibrium constant imposes equalities between averages of correlated, along with uncorrelated, concentrations of participating species. Moreover, a relation between average particle number and relative fluctuations derived for two-body reactions is found to be obeyed here as well, despite couplings to additional equilibrium reactions in the system. Analyzes of transfer reactions, where association and dissociation events take place on both sides of the chemical equation, further indicate the necessity to include cross-correlations in the expression of the equilibrium constant. However in this case the magnitudes of discrepancies of the uncorrelated expression are smaller, likely because of partial cancellation of correlations which exist on, both, the reactants and products sides.